Teatro di Roma was founded as Teatro Stabile della Capitale in 1964 under the artistic direction of Vito Pandolfi, with a temporary home at Teatro Valle.

In 1972, having restored the Teatro Argentina to its historic location, new director Franco Enriquez gave the Teatro Stabile its final name of Teatro di Roma. Enriquez fostered relationships with the city and established collaborations with some Roman 'wineries' by including their shows in the Stabile's playbill.